XRF (X‑ray fluorescence) for identifying the chemical composition of the pigments in the ground and paint layers.
GC-MS (Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry used to analyze the composition of the varnish. The varnish sample was collected using ethanol gelled with 4% Klucel G
Stratigraphy to examine all the layers comprising the artwork
Textile fiber observed with a polarized light optical microscope. Linen fiber.
Radial section of the stretcher sample examined with a polarized light optical microscope. Spruce wood
Radial section of the frame sample examined with a polarized light optical microscope. Spruce wood.
Sterile oropharyngeal swab rubbed on the recto of the painting for biodeterioration analysis
The same sterile oropharyngeal swab rubbed on the verso of the painting for biodeterioration analysis